Female Entrepreneurship in a Developing Context: Motivations, Challenges, and Drivers to Succeed in Brazil
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the challenges of female entrepreneurs who started their ventures driven mainly by the need for survival and how they overcome their challenges. In seeking this, it appropriates the literature on motivations, challenges, and drivers of female entrepreneurship to support the reflections. Method: This was a qualitative strategy. Seven women entrepreneurs who started ventures driven mainly by necessity in Brazil participated in this study. Results: Besides need for survival, other motivations influence business creation, including opportunities. The main challenges are reconciling work and family, access to resources, and a lack of human capital. The main driving factors are public and private entrepreneurial support programs and direct social relationships. Conclusion: The contributions are threefold. First, for the literature on entrepreneurial drivers, it expands the understanding of the factors that positively impact female entrepreneurship. Second, it contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial motivations, broadening the current understanding of pull and push factors. Finally, by identifying new entrepreneurial challenges, this study extends the possibilities of understanding the female entrepreneurial phenomena in other developing contexts besides Brazil.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Lima, R. M. de, Corrêa, V. S., Melo, P. L. de R., Nassif, V. M. J., & Arruda, M. C. S. de. (2024). Female Entrepreneurship in a Developing Context: Motivations, Challenges, and Drivers to Succeed in Brazil. Brazilian Administration Review, 21(2), e220157. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2024220157
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aggestam, M., & Wigren-Kristoferson, C. (2017). How women entrepreneurs build embeddedness: A case study approach. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 252-268. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-07-2017-0037
Al-Dajani, H., Akbar, H., Carter, S., & Shaw, E. (2019). Defying contextual embeddedness: Evidence from displaced women entrepreneurs in Jordan. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(3-4), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551788
Azungah, T. (2018). Qualitative research: Deductive and inductive approaches to data analysis. Qualitative Research Journal, 18(4), 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-D-18-00035
Bianchi, M., Parisi, V., & Salvatore, R. (2016). Female entrepreneurs: Motivations and constraints. An Italian regional study. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 198-220. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2015-0029
Block, J., Fisch, C., & Rehan, F. (2020). Religion and entrepreneurship: A map of the field and a bibliometric analysis. Management Review Quarterly, 70(4), 591-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00177-2
Burt, R. S. (2019). The networks and success of female entrepreneurs in China. Social Networks, 58, 37-49.
Cabrera, E. M., & Mauricio, D. (2017). Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: A review of literature. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 31-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2016-0001
Cardella, G. M., Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Women entrepreneurship: A systematic review to outline the boundaries of scientific literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
Cooke, F. L., & Xiao, M. (2021). Women entrepreneurship in China: Where are we now and where are we heading. Human Resource Development International, 24(1), 104-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1842983
Corrêa, V. S, Brito, F. R. S., Lima, R. M., & Queiroz, M. M. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 300-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2021-0142
Corrêa, V. S., Carneiro-da-Cunha, J. A., Nassif, V. M. J., & Giglio, E. M. (2022). Relational influence on entrepreneurial orientation: An exploratory study of small religious enterprises in Brazil. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2020-0353
Corrêa, V. S., Cruz, M. A., Nassif, V. M. J., Melo, P. L. R., & Lima, R. M. (2024). The social structures of entrepreneurial embeddedness: The influence of market, reciprocity and redistribution. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(2), 311- 338. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2021-0424
Corrêa, V. S, Lima, R. M., Brito, F. R. S., Machado, M. C., & Nassif, V. M. J. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries: A systematic review of practical and policy implications and suggestions for new studies. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(2), 366-395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2022-0115
Corrêa, V. S., Vale, G. M. V, & Pinto, M. D. R. (2018). Social coupling and decoupling: Pastors as entrepreneurs. RAE-Revista de Administracao de Empresas, 58(2), 188- 200. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020180207
Cruz, M. A., Corrêa, V. S., Diniz, D. M., & Borini, F. M. (2021). Influence of middle management on dynamic capabilities. Journal of Strategy and Management, 14(4), 612-634. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-02-2020-0045 Falcão, R. P. Q., Cruz, E. P., Paula, F. O., & Machado, M. M. (2022). Entrepreneurial Intention of Brazilian Immigrants in Canada. Brazilian Administration Review, 19(1), e200018. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2022200018
De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009 Dye, B., & Dye, K. (2018). Surfacing the voices of the other: Female entrepreneurs in Manila. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 30(2), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2017.1398061
Ebneyamini, S., & Sadeghi Moghadam, M. R. (2018). Toward developing a framework for conducting case study research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918817954
Foss, L., Henry, C., Ahl, H., & Mikalsen, G. H. (2019). Women’s entrepreneurship policy research: A 30-year review of the evidence. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9993-8 Foster, C., & Brindley, C. (2018). Female entrepreneurial networking in the marketing services sector. Qualitative Market Research, 21(2), 182-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-11-2016-0106
Ghouse, S. M., McElwee, G., & Durrah, O. (2019). Entrepreneurial success of cottage-based women entrepreneurs in Oman. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(3), 480-498. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2018-0691
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021 / 2022 Global Report Opportunity Amid Disruption.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338
Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Alicia Coduras, Guerrero, M., Muhammad Azam Roomi, Niels Bosma, Sreevas Sahasranamam, & Jeffrey Shay. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022 - Global Report Opportunity Amid Disruption. https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50900
Hossain, S. F. A., Nurunnabi, M., Hussain, K., & Shan, X. (2020). Smartphone-based m-shopping behavior and innovative entrepreneurial tendency among women in emerging Asia. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 173- 189. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-03-2019-0054
Isaga, N. (2019). Start-up motives and challenges facing female entrepreneurs in Tanzania. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 102- 119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-02-2018-0010
Lawrence, L. (2020). Conducting cross-cultural qualitative interviews with mainland Chinese participants during COVID: Lessons from the field. Qualitative Research, 22(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120974157
Liu, Y., Schøtt, T., & Zhang, C. (2019). Women’s experiences of legitimacy, satisfaction and commitment as entrepreneurs: Embedded in gender hierarchy and networks in private and business spheres. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(3-4), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551794
Marques, C. S., Leal, C. T., Santos, G., Marques, C. P., & Alves, R. (2017). Why do some women micro-entrepreneurs decide to formalise their businesses? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 30(2), 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2017.081439
Minitti, M., Arenius, P., & Langowitz, N. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2004-global-report
Moreira, J., Marques, C. S., Braga, A., & Ratten, V. (2019). A systematic review of women’s entrepreneurship and internationalization literature. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(4), 635-648. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22045
Mozumdar, L., Hagelaar, G., Materia, V. C., Omta, S. W. F., Islam, M. A., & van der Velde, G. (2019). Embeddedness or over-embeddedness? Women entrepreneurs’ networks and their influence on business performance. European Journal of Development Research, 31(5), 1449-1469. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00217-3
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., Caetano, A., & Kalbfleisch, P. (2019). Entrepreneurship ecosystems and women entrepreneurs: A social capital and network approach. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 475-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9996-5
Olu-Owolabi, F. E., Amoo, E., Samuel, O., Oyeyemi, A., & Adejumo, G. (2020). Female-dominated informal labour sector and family (in) stability: The interface between reproduction and production. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1788878
Owalla, B., & Al Ghafri, A. (2020). “Bitten by the entrepreneur bug” – critiquing discourses on women owner-managers/entrepreneurs in the Kenyan and Omani newspapers. Gender in Management, 35(6), 529-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2020-0019
Passah, K. H., & Panda, N. M. (2022). A structural relationship model of genderrole orientation and entrepreneurial intention: examining the mediating effect of motivational antecedents in Northeast India. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-03-2021-0039
Patrick, C., Stephens, H., & Weinstein, A. (2016). Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2
Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Beacon Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470755679.ch4
Ramadani, V., Hisrich, R. D., Dana, L.-P., Palalic, R., & Panthi, L. (2019). Beekeeping as a family artisan entrepreneurship business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(4), 717-730. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2017-0245
Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M. A., Sabir, S. S., & Waseem, A. (2019). Case study method: A step-by-step guide for business researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919862424
Ridder, H.-G. (2017). The theory contribution of case study research designs. Business Research, 10(2), 281-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z
Roos, A. (2019). Embeddedness in context: Understanding gender in a female entrepreneurship network. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(3-4), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793 Santos, G., Marques, C. S., & Ferreira, J. J. (2018). A look back over the past 40 years of female entrepreneurship: Mapping knowledge networks. Scientometrics, 115(2), 953-987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2705-y Santos, G, Marques, C. S., & Ratten, V. (2019). Entrepreneurial women’s networks: The case of D’Uva – Portugal wine girls. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(2), 298-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2017-0418
Selamat, N. H., & Endut, N. (2020). “Bargaining with patriarchy” and entrepreneurship: Narratives of Malay Muslim women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 38, 11-31. https://doi.org/10.21315/KM2020.38.S1.2 Silva, T. A. S., Corrêa, V. S., Vale, G. M. V., & Giglio, E. M. (2020). Influence of social capital offline and online on early-stage entrepreneurs. Revista de Gestão, 27(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1108/rege-10-2019-0103 Souza, L. L. F., Freitas, A. A. F., Souza, J. T., & Câmara, S. F. (2021). Cryptocurrencies for Microfinance. Brazilian Administration Review, 18(spe), e200063. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021200063
Surangi, H. A. K. N. S. (2018). What influences the networking behaviours of female entrepreneurs?: A case for the small business tourism sector in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 10(2), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2017-0049
Takahashi, A. R. W., & Araujo, L. (2020). Case study research: Opening up research opportunities. RAUSP-Management Journal, 55(1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-05-2019-0109
Venkatesh, V., Shaw, J. D., Sykes, T. A., Wamba, S. F., & Macharia, M. (2017). Networks, technology, and entrepreneurship: A field quasi-experiment among women in rural India. Academy of Management Journal, 60(5), 1709-1740. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0849
Wang, J., Li, Y., & Long, D. (2019). Gender gap in entrepreneurial growth ambition: The role of culturally contingent perceptions of the institutional environment in China. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(6), 1283- 1307. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2018-0248
Xie, X., & Lv, J. (2016). Social networks of female tech-entrepreneurs and new venture performance: The moderating effects of entrepreneurial alertness and gender discrimination. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 963-983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0413-8
Yin, R. k. (2015). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed). The Guilford Press.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth). SAGE Publications.
Zhang, J., & Zhou, N. (2019). The family’s push and pull on female entrepreneurship: Evidence in China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1697671
Al-Dajani, H., Akbar, H., Carter, S., & Shaw, E. (2019). Defying contextual embeddedness: Evidence from displaced women entrepreneurs in Jordan. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(3-4), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551788
Azungah, T. (2018). Qualitative research: Deductive and inductive approaches to data analysis. Qualitative Research Journal, 18(4), 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-D-18-00035
Bianchi, M., Parisi, V., & Salvatore, R. (2016). Female entrepreneurs: Motivations and constraints. An Italian regional study. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 198-220. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2015-0029
Block, J., Fisch, C., & Rehan, F. (2020). Religion and entrepreneurship: A map of the field and a bibliometric analysis. Management Review Quarterly, 70(4), 591-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00177-2
Burt, R. S. (2019). The networks and success of female entrepreneurs in China. Social Networks, 58, 37-49.
Cabrera, E. M., & Mauricio, D. (2017). Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: A review of literature. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 31-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2016-0001
Cardella, G. M., Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Women entrepreneurship: A systematic review to outline the boundaries of scientific literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
Cooke, F. L., & Xiao, M. (2021). Women entrepreneurship in China: Where are we now and where are we heading. Human Resource Development International, 24(1), 104-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1842983
Corrêa, V. S, Brito, F. R. S., Lima, R. M., & Queiroz, M. M. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 300-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2021-0142
Corrêa, V. S., Carneiro-da-Cunha, J. A., Nassif, V. M. J., & Giglio, E. M. (2022). Relational influence on entrepreneurial orientation: An exploratory study of small religious enterprises in Brazil. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2020-0353
Corrêa, V. S., Cruz, M. A., Nassif, V. M. J., Melo, P. L. R., & Lima, R. M. (2024). The social structures of entrepreneurial embeddedness: The influence of market, reciprocity and redistribution. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(2), 311- 338. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2021-0424
Corrêa, V. S, Lima, R. M., Brito, F. R. S., Machado, M. C., & Nassif, V. M. J. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries: A systematic review of practical and policy implications and suggestions for new studies. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(2), 366-395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2022-0115
Corrêa, V. S., Vale, G. M. V, & Pinto, M. D. R. (2018). Social coupling and decoupling: Pastors as entrepreneurs. RAE-Revista de Administracao de Empresas, 58(2), 188- 200. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020180207
Cruz, M. A., Corrêa, V. S., Diniz, D. M., & Borini, F. M. (2021). Influence of middle management on dynamic capabilities. Journal of Strategy and Management, 14(4), 612-634. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-02-2020-0045 Falcão, R. P. Q., Cruz, E. P., Paula, F. O., & Machado, M. M. (2022). Entrepreneurial Intention of Brazilian Immigrants in Canada. Brazilian Administration Review, 19(1), e200018. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2022200018
De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009 Dye, B., & Dye, K. (2018). Surfacing the voices of the other: Female entrepreneurs in Manila. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 30(2), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2017.1398061
Ebneyamini, S., & Sadeghi Moghadam, M. R. (2018). Toward developing a framework for conducting case study research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918817954
Foss, L., Henry, C., Ahl, H., & Mikalsen, G. H. (2019). Women’s entrepreneurship policy research: A 30-year review of the evidence. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9993-8 Foster, C., & Brindley, C. (2018). Female entrepreneurial networking in the marketing services sector. Qualitative Market Research, 21(2), 182-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-11-2016-0106
Ghouse, S. M., McElwee, G., & Durrah, O. (2019). Entrepreneurial success of cottage-based women entrepreneurs in Oman. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(3), 480-498. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2018-0691
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021 / 2022 Global Report Opportunity Amid Disruption.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338
Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Alicia Coduras, Guerrero, M., Muhammad Azam Roomi, Niels Bosma, Sreevas Sahasranamam, & Jeffrey Shay. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022 - Global Report Opportunity Amid Disruption. https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50900
Hossain, S. F. A., Nurunnabi, M., Hussain, K., & Shan, X. (2020). Smartphone-based m-shopping behavior and innovative entrepreneurial tendency among women in emerging Asia. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 173- 189. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-03-2019-0054
Isaga, N. (2019). Start-up motives and challenges facing female entrepreneurs in Tanzania. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 102- 119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-02-2018-0010
Lawrence, L. (2020). Conducting cross-cultural qualitative interviews with mainland Chinese participants during COVID: Lessons from the field. Qualitative Research, 22(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120974157
Liu, Y., Schøtt, T., & Zhang, C. (2019). Women’s experiences of legitimacy, satisfaction and commitment as entrepreneurs: Embedded in gender hierarchy and networks in private and business spheres. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(3-4), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551794
Marques, C. S., Leal, C. T., Santos, G., Marques, C. P., & Alves, R. (2017). Why do some women micro-entrepreneurs decide to formalise their businesses? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 30(2), 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2017.081439
Minitti, M., Arenius, P., & Langowitz, N. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2004-global-report
Moreira, J., Marques, C. S., Braga, A., & Ratten, V. (2019). A systematic review of women’s entrepreneurship and internationalization literature. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(4), 635-648. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22045
Mozumdar, L., Hagelaar, G., Materia, V. C., Omta, S. W. F., Islam, M. A., & van der Velde, G. (2019). Embeddedness or over-embeddedness? Women entrepreneurs’ networks and their influence on business performance. European Journal of Development Research, 31(5), 1449-1469. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00217-3
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., Caetano, A., & Kalbfleisch, P. (2019). Entrepreneurship ecosystems and women entrepreneurs: A social capital and network approach. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 475-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9996-5
Olu-Owolabi, F. E., Amoo, E., Samuel, O., Oyeyemi, A., & Adejumo, G. (2020). Female-dominated informal labour sector and family (in) stability: The interface between reproduction and production. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1788878
Owalla, B., & Al Ghafri, A. (2020). “Bitten by the entrepreneur bug” – critiquing discourses on women owner-managers/entrepreneurs in the Kenyan and Omani newspapers. Gender in Management, 35(6), 529-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2020-0019
Passah, K. H., & Panda, N. M. (2022). A structural relationship model of genderrole orientation and entrepreneurial intention: examining the mediating effect of motivational antecedents in Northeast India. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-03-2021-0039
Patrick, C., Stephens, H., & Weinstein, A. (2016). Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2
Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Beacon Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470755679.ch4
Ramadani, V., Hisrich, R. D., Dana, L.-P., Palalic, R., & Panthi, L. (2019). Beekeeping as a family artisan entrepreneurship business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(4), 717-730. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2017-0245
Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M. A., Sabir, S. S., & Waseem, A. (2019). Case study method: A step-by-step guide for business researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919862424
Ridder, H.-G. (2017). The theory contribution of case study research designs. Business Research, 10(2), 281-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z
Roos, A. (2019). Embeddedness in context: Understanding gender in a female entrepreneurship network. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(3-4), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793 Santos, G., Marques, C. S., & Ferreira, J. J. (2018). A look back over the past 40 years of female entrepreneurship: Mapping knowledge networks. Scientometrics, 115(2), 953-987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2705-y Santos, G, Marques, C. S., & Ratten, V. (2019). Entrepreneurial women’s networks: The case of D’Uva – Portugal wine girls. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(2), 298-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2017-0418
Selamat, N. H., & Endut, N. (2020). “Bargaining with patriarchy” and entrepreneurship: Narratives of Malay Muslim women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 38, 11-31. https://doi.org/10.21315/KM2020.38.S1.2 Silva, T. A. S., Corrêa, V. S., Vale, G. M. V., & Giglio, E. M. (2020). Influence of social capital offline and online on early-stage entrepreneurs. Revista de Gestão, 27(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1108/rege-10-2019-0103 Souza, L. L. F., Freitas, A. A. F., Souza, J. T., & Câmara, S. F. (2021). Cryptocurrencies for Microfinance. Brazilian Administration Review, 18(spe), e200063. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021200063
Surangi, H. A. K. N. S. (2018). What influences the networking behaviours of female entrepreneurs?: A case for the small business tourism sector in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 10(2), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2017-0049
Takahashi, A. R. W., & Araujo, L. (2020). Case study research: Opening up research opportunities. RAUSP-Management Journal, 55(1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-05-2019-0109
Venkatesh, V., Shaw, J. D., Sykes, T. A., Wamba, S. F., & Macharia, M. (2017). Networks, technology, and entrepreneurship: A field quasi-experiment among women in rural India. Academy of Management Journal, 60(5), 1709-1740. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0849
Wang, J., Li, Y., & Long, D. (2019). Gender gap in entrepreneurial growth ambition: The role of culturally contingent perceptions of the institutional environment in China. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 25(6), 1283- 1307. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2018-0248
Xie, X., & Lv, J. (2016). Social networks of female tech-entrepreneurs and new venture performance: The moderating effects of entrepreneurial alertness and gender discrimination. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 963-983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0413-8
Yin, R. k. (2015). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed). The Guilford Press.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth). SAGE Publications.
Zhang, J., & Zhou, N. (2019). The family’s push and pull on female entrepreneurship: Evidence in China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1697671