Digital Leadership: Much Ado about Nothing?
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Abstract
Objective: this study analyzes the theory of digital leadership, comparing it with other related theories in the field. This work results from 15 years of reflections by a group of researchers who have been studying leadership in Brazil. The question that guided this study was: Are new leadership attributes necessary, or will individuals capable of leading in the 4.0 Revolution combine existing attributes found in the literature? Methods: this is a theoretical study that provides a critical and comparative review of some theories in the field of leadership. Results: digital leadership reinforces several attributes highlighted in previous theories, whether in behavioral approach, by emphasizing the leader’s importance in creating conditions for people’s development; in relational theory, by establishing trust relationships with people, creating multilateral relational networks; in transformational theory, by articulating a collective vision legitimized by followers; or in situational theory, by being able to adapt to rapidly changing contexts. Therefore, the theory of digital leadership does not add anything really new. Conclusions: ‘digital leadership’ is a combination of behavioral, transformational, relational, and situational attributes with the addition of contextual variables from the 4.0 Revolution.
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Diniz, D. M., Carvalho Neto, A. M. de, & Sant’Anna, A. de S. (2024). Digital Leadership: Much Ado about Nothing?. Brazilian Administration Review, 21(3), e240035. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2024240035
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References
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Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 105-131. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003
Avolio, B. J., Waldman, D. A., & Yammarino, F. J. (1991). Leading in the 1990s: The four I's s of transformational leadership. Journal of European Industrial Training, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599110143366
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press Google Schola 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930250310
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European industrial training, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599010135122
Bell, B. S., McAlpine, K. L., & Hill, N. S. (2023). Leading virtually. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 339-362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-050115
Blake, R. R., Mouton, J. S., Louis B., Barnes, Larry E., & Greiner. (1964). Breakthrough in organization development. Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1978). Toward a general theory of consultation. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 56(6), 328-330. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1978.tb04640.x
Burns, G. P. (1978). The Principles of Leadership. ERIC Clearinghouse. Carvalho, A. M., Neto, Tanure, B., Santos, C. M. M., & Lima, G. S. (2012). Executivos brasileiros: na contramão do perfil deificado da liderança transformacional. Revista de Ciências da Administração, 14(32), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2012v14n32p35
Črešnar, R.; Nedelko. (2020). Understanding Future Leaders: How Are Personal Values of Generations Y and Z Tailored to Leadership in Industry 4.0? Sustainability, 12, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114417
Cunliffe, A. L., & Eriksen, M. (2011). Relational leadership. Human relations, 64(11), 1425-1449.
DasGupta, P. (2011). Literature review: e-Leadership. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 4(1), 1-36. https://www.regent.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/dasGupta_V4I1_pp1-36.pdf
D’Ávila, P. R., de Oliveira, F. B., Diniz, D. M., & de Souza Sant’Anna, A. (2020). Brazilian army leadership in mission in Haiti. Revista Pensamento Contemporâneo em Administração, 14(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.12712/rpca.v14i4.47191
Deloitte. (2018). Preparing tomorrow’s workforce for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Creative Services.
Den Hartog, D. N., & De Hoogh, A. H. (2009). Empowering behaviour and leader fairness and integrity: Studying perceptions of ethical leader behaviour from a levels-of-analysis perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(2), 199-230.
Erhan, T., Uzunbacak, H. H., & Aydin, E. (2022). From conventional to digital leadership: Exploring digitalization of leadership and innovative work behavior. Management Research Review, 45(11), 1524-1543. http://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-05-2021-0338
Fairhurst, G. T., & Uhl-Bien, M. (2012). Organizational discourse analysis (ODA): Examining leadership as a relational process. The leadership quarterly, 23(6), 1043-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.10.005 Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. Mcgraw-hill series in management. McGraw-Hill.
Fiedler, F. E. (1981). Leadership effectiveness. American Behavioral Scientist, 24(5), 619-632.
Figueiredo, J. A. L. (2021). Os desafios de uma liderança digital. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 25(4), e210043.
Gomes, A. R., & Cruz, J. (2007). Abordagem carismática e transformacional: Modelos conceptuais e contributos para o exercício da liderança. Psicologia USP, 18, 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65642007000300008
Guzmán, V. E., Muschard, B., Gerolamo, M., Kohl, H., & Rozenfeld, H. (2020). Characteristics and Skills of Leadership in the Context of Industry 4.0. Procedia Manufacturing, 43, 543-550. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.167
Herder-Wynne, F, Amato, R. & Weerd, F. U. (2017). Leadership 4.0: A review of thinking, ResearchReport. https://www.oxfordleadership.com/wp-content/ uploads/2017/10/OL-Leadership-4.0-%E2%80%93-A-review-of-the-thinking.pdf
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. Prentice Hall.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1986). Psicologia para administradores: A teoria e as técnicas da liderança situacional. Editora Pedagógica e Universitária.
House, R. J. (1977). A theory of charismatic leadership. Leadership: The cutting egde. Southern Illinois University Press.
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance. Journal of applied psychology, 78(6), 891.
Israel, C. R. Q. (2021). Uma Análise sobre Liderança: da Teoria dos Traços à Liderança 4.0. Boletim Do Gerenciamento, 24(24), 21-30. https://nppg.org.br/revistas/boletimdogerenciamento/article/view/557
Karippur, N. K., & Balaramachandran, P. R. (2022). Antecedents of effective digital leadership of enterprises in Asia Pacific. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 26.
Kelly, R. (2018). Constructing leadership 4.0: Swarm leadership and the fourth industrial revolution. Springer.
Khaw, T. Y., Teoh, A. P., Abdul Khalid, S. N., & Letchmunan, S. (2022). The impact of digital leadership on sustainable performance: A systematic literature review. Journal of Management Development, 41(9/10), 514-534.
KPMG Brazil. (2022). Indústria 4.0 no Brasil: Cenários e Perspectivas. https://materiais.kpmgbrasil.com.br/industria-4-0-no-brasil-todos-os-capitulos?gad_1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsZvQ96rIggMVG1hIAB26DQwNEAAYASAAEgIVmvD_BwE
Kwiotkowska, A., Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R., Vveinhardt, J., & Gębczyńska, M. (2021). Leadership competencies in making Industry 4.0 effective: the case of Polish heat and power industry. Energies, 14(14), 1–22. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14144338
Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. McGraw-Hill. McDowelle, J. O. (2009). A contemporary consideration of transformative leadership. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 3(2), 1.
Mendes, L. D., Sant’Anna, A. D. S., & Diniz, D. M. (2021). Liderança relacional e modernidade organizacional em firmas de advocacia de Belém do Pará. Revista Direito GV, 17, e2140.
Mdluli, S., & Makhupe, O. (2017). Defining leadership competencies needed for the fourth industrial revolution: leadership competencies 4.0. Africa Expansion Project. Bank Seta South Africa. https://www.bankseta.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bankseta_Defining-Leadership_Siboniso-Mdluli-Olebile-Makhupe.pdf
Moreira, J. F. A., & Rua, O. M. M. M. L. (2023). Linking emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: An application to technology sector firms’ leaders. Revista de Gestão e Secretariado, 14(1), 1024-1048. https://doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v13i4.1569
Narbona, J.(2016). Digitalleadership, twitterandpopefrancis. Church, Communication and Culture, 1(1), 90-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181307
Oberer, B. & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital Leaders in the Age of Industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.6033
Ospina, S. M., Kersh, R., & Quick, K. S. (2014). Taking a relational turn in leadership studies. Public Administration Review, 74(4), 542-544. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24029443
Petry, T. (2018). Digital leadership. In Knowledge management in digital change: New findings and practical cases (pp. 209-218). Springer.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citize. Journal of management, 22(2), 259- 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90049-5
Puhovichová, D., & Jankelová, N. (2021). Leadership in conditions of industry 4.0. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 115, p. 03013). EDP Sciences.
Sant’Anna, A. S., Diniz, D. M., Carvalho Neto, A. M., Santos, C. M. M., & Limasouza (2022). Mulheres profissionais na transição para a Quarta Revolução Industrial: Um olhar brasileiro. Revista de Carreiras e Pessoas, 12(1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.23925/recape.v12i1.49766
Sant’Anna, A. D. S., Nelson, R. E., & Carvalho Neto, A. M. (2015). Fundamentos e dimensões da liderança relacional. DOM-Revista da Fundação Dom Cabral, 9, 16- 21.
Sartori, G., Zanotto, M. P., & Fachinelli, A. C. (2018). Liderança em Tempos de Indústria 4.0: Novos Papéis para um Novo Perfil? 18ª Mostra de Iniciação Científica, Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Extensão, Caxias do Sul.
Sasmoko, S., Mihardjo, L. W. W., Alamsjah, F., & Elidjen, E. (2019). Dynamic capability: The effect of digital leadership on fostering innovation capability based on market orientation. Management Science Letters, 9(10), 1633-1644. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.5.024
Schwab, K. (2016). A quarta revolução industrial. Edipro.
Schyns, B., & Meindl, J. R. (Eds.). (2005). Implicit leadership theories: Essays and explorations. IAP.
Soardo, E. S., Fanton, J. P., & Goulart, E. Júnior (2020). Liderança transformacional e transacional: Uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa. Revista Eletrônica Gestão e Serviços, 11(2), 3098-3129.
Soela, V., Carvalho Neto, A., Versiani, F., & Diniz, D. M. (2024). A prática de CEOs experientes: Líderes relacionais enfrentando situações de crise. Contextus – Revista Contemporânea de Economia & Gestão, 22, e91199. https://doi.org/10.19094/contextus.2024.91199
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