The Functions of the Proto-entrepreneur in Building up Startup Innovation Capabilities
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: this paper aims to deepen the current understanding of the concept of the ‘proto-entrepreneur’ while explaining how this agent works in the process of building up startup innovation capabilities. Methods: we argue that behind new ventures (such as startups) there may be no Schumpeterian entrepreneurs as the traditional literature defines it, but instead what we call proto-entrepreneurs. Results: entrepreneurs are agents capable of, in discontinuous intervals, changing the status quo of already established firms, and even society. Proto-entrepreneurs aspire to do so in startups, but they still lack the knowledge and the necessary set of capabilities to make such changes. Therefore, the conversion of a proto-entrepreneur into an entrepreneur, in the Schumpeterian sense of the term, depends on a process of knowledge accumulation for building the missing innovation capabilities, without which extraordinary profits cannot be reached. This process usually happens in startups — here taken as the primary locus of the proto-entrepreneurial action —, and the proto-entrepreneurs should undertake a sequence of activities for building such capabilities. Conclusions: in such conditions, the proto-entrepreneur should seek knowledge and capabilities, to develop a minimum valuable product, find an initial marketplace, establish scalable operations, and constitute enough management competence.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Marquesan, F. F. S., Zawislak, P. A., & Camboim, G. F. (2024). The Functions of the Proto-entrepreneur in Building up Startup Innovation Capabilities. Brazilian Administration Review, 21(4), e230076. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2024230076
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adler, P., Florida, R., King, K., & Mellander, C. (2019). The city and high-tech startups: The spatial organization of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. Cities, 87, 121- 130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.013
Allen, D. W. E. (2017). The private governance of entrepreneurship: An institutional approach to entrepreneurial discovery [Doctoral dissertation]. School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University.
Allen, D. W. E., & Potts, J. (2016, November 19-21). The origin of the entrepreneur and the role of the innovation commons. Conference Paper for 86th Annual Meeting of the Southern Economic Association Conference, Washington, D.C. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2867850
Alves, A. C., Barbieux, D., Reichert, F. M., Tello-Gamarra, J., & Zawislak, P. A. (2017). Innovation and dynamic capabilities of the firm: Defining an assessment model. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(3), 232-244. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020170304
Audretsch, D. B., Bozeman, B., Combs, K. L., Feldman, M., Link, A. N., Siegel, D. S., Stephan, P., Tassey, G., & Wessner, C. (2002). The economics of science and technology. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 27, 155-203. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014382532639
Baecker, D. (2006). The form of the firm. Organization, 13(1), 109-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508406059644
Baron, R. A., & Ensley, M. D. (2006). Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science, 52(9), 1331-1344. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0538
Block, J. H., Fisch, C. O., & Praag, M. (2017). The Schumpeterian entrepreneur: A review of the empirical evidence on the antecedents, behaviour and consequences of innovative entrepreneurship. Industry and Innovation, 24(1), 61-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1216397
Brush, C. G., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(5), 547-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.09.002
Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R., & Carland, J. A. C. (1984). Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359. https://doi.org/10.2307/258448
Capelleras, J. L., & Greene, F. J. (2008). The determinants and growth implications of venture creation speed. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(4), 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701855683
Cha, M.-S., & Bae, Z.-T. (2010). The entrepreneurial journey: From entrepreneurial intent to opportunity realization. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 21(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2010.02.005
Chandler, A. D. (1992). Organizational capabilities and the economic history of the industrial enterprise. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(3), 79-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2138304
Chandler, G. N., DeTienne, D. R., McKelvie, A., & Mumford, T. V. (2011). Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.10.006
Coase, R. H. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica, 4(16), 386-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x
Coase, R. H. (1991). The institutional structure of production. Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines, 2(4), 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1515/jeeh-1991-0401
Dai, L., Maksimov, V., Gilbert, B. A., & Fernhaber, S. A. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation and international scope: The differential roles of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.004
Demsetz, H. (1988). The theory of the firm revisited. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 4(1), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a036941
Dosi, G. (1991). Perspectives on evolutionary theory. Science and Public Policy, 18(6), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1093/spp/18.6.353
Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R., Silverberg, G., & Soete, L. (Eds.). (1988). Technical change and economic theory. Pinter.
Dosi, G., Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (Eds.). (2000). The nature and dynamics of organizational capabilities. Oxford University Press.
Dullius, A. C. (2016). As capacidades de inovação em Startups: Um estudo no Vale do Silício [Master thesis]. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Ehrenhard, M., Wijnhoven, F., van den Broek, T., & Stagno, M. Z. (2017). Unlocking how start-ups create business value with mobile applications: Development of an app-enabled business innovation cycle. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 115, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.09.011
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Tabrizi, B. N. (1995). Accelerating adaptive processes: Product innovation in the global computer industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(1), 84-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393701
Fagerberg, J., & Verspagen, B. (2009). Innovation studies - the emerging structure of a new scientific field. Research Policy, 38(2), 218-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.12.006
Filion, L. J. (1999). Diferenças entre sistemas gerenciais de empreendedores e operadores de pequenos negócios. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 39(4), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75901999000400002
Freeman, J., & Engel, J. S. (2007). Models of innovation: Startups and mature corporations. California Management Review, 50(1), 94-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166418
Fujimoto, T. (1994). Reinterpreting the resource-capability view of the firm: A case of the development-production systems of the Japanese auto makers. In A. D. Chandler, P. Hagstrom, & Ö. Sölvell (Eds.), The dynamic firm: The role of technology, strategy, organization, and regions. Oxford University Press.
García-Gutiérrez, I., & Martínez-Borreguero, F. J. (2016). The innovation pivot framework: Fostering business model innovation in startups. Research-Technology Management, 59(5), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2016.1208043
Grimaldi, R., & Grandi, A. (2005). Business incubators and new venture creation: An assessment of incubating models. Technovation, 25(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(03)00076-2
Guan, J., & Ma, N. (2003). Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms. Technovation, 23(9), 737-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00013-5
Hébert, R. F., & Link, A. N. (2006). The entrepreneur as innovator. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-006-9060-5
Heirman, A., & Clarysse, B. (2007). Which tangible and intangible assets matter for innovation speed in start-ups?. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(4), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00253.x
Hill, J., McGowan, P., & Maclaran, P. (1998). Developing marketing planning skills: Combining theory and practice. Journal of Marketing Practice, 4(3), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004489
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Sirmon, D. G., & Trahms, C. A. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations, and society. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(2), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.25.2.57
Hodges, J. (2017). Building capabilities for change: The crucial role of resilience. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 31(1), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-07-2016-0064
Kirzner, I. M. (1978). Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press.
Lall, S. (1992). Technological capabilities and industrialization. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F
Lévesque, M., & Stephan, U. (2019). It’s time we talk about time in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(2), 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258719839711
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: Citation, thematic analysis, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11, 907-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5
Kessler, E. H., & Bierly, P. E. (2002). Is faster really better? An empirical test of the implications of innovation speed. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1109/17.985742
McAdam, M., & Marlow, S. (2007). Building futures or stealing secrets? Entrepreneurial cooperation and conflict within business incubators. International Small Business Journal, 25(4), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607078563
McClelland, D. C. (1972). A sociedade competitiva: Realização e progresso social. Expressão e Cultura.
McMullen, J. S., & Dimov, D. (2013). Time and the entrepreneurial journey: The problems and promise of studying entrepreneurship as a process. Journal of Management Studies, 50(8), 1481-1512. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12049
Moogk, D. R. (2012). Minimum viable product and the importance of experimentation in technology startups. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(3). https://timreview.ca/article/535
Munier, F. (2013) Schumpeterian entrepreneur. In E. G. Carayannis (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8_243
Nelson, R. R., Dosi, G., & Helfat, C. E. (2018). Modern evolutionary economics: An overview. Cambridge University Press.
Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Belknap Press.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1998). Publications science, technology and industry outlook. Science, Technology and Industry Outlook Report. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/science-technology- and-industry-outlook-1998_sti_outlook-1998-en.html
Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 174-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.001
Pan, F., & Yang, B. (2019). Financial development and the geographies of startup cities: evidence from China. Small Business Economics, 52(3), 743-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9983-2
Penrose, E. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford University Press.
Pufal, N. A., & Zawislak, P. A. (2021). Innovation capabilities and the organization of the firm: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 33(2), 287-307. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2021-0054
Picken, J. C. (2017). From startup to scalable enterprise: Laying the foundation. Business Horizons, 60(5), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.002
Rasmussen, E. S., & Tanev, S. (2015). The emergence of the lean global startup as a new type of firm. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(11). https://timreview.ca/article/941
Reichert, F. M., Camboim, G. F., & Zawislak, P. A. (2015). Capacidades e trajetórias de inovação de empresas brasileiras. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 16(5), 161-194. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712015/administracao.v16n5p161-194
Richardson, G. B. (1972). The organisation of industry. The Economic Journal, 82(327), 883-896. https://doi.org/10.2307/2230256
Ries, E. (2011). The lean startup. Crown Business.
Robbins, L. (1968). Theory of economic development in the history of economic thought. MacMillan.
Roundtree, A. K. (2016, October). Startup weekends: Invention as process for proto-entrepreneurs. In 2016 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (IPCC) (pp. 1-14). IEEE.
Sarasvathy, S. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 243-263. https://doi.org/10.2307/259121
Shepherd, D. J. & Haynie, M. (2009). Birds of a feather don’t always flock together: Identity management in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4), 316-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.005
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle. Oxford University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Harper & Row.
Stayton, J., & Mangematin, V. (2016). Startup time, innovation and organizational emergence: A study of USA-based international technology ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14, 373-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0183-y
Teece, D. J. (2018). Business models and dynamic capabilities. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.007
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi. org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7%3C509::AID-SMJ882%3E3.0.CO;2-Z
Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (2004). New venture creation enterprise for the 21st century. McGraw Hill.
Toms, S., Wilson, N., & Wright, M. (2019). Innovation, intermediation, and the nature of entrepreneurship: A historical perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1310
Vogel, P. (2017). From venture idea to venture opportunity. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 943-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12234
Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship—conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x
Welter, F., & Smallbone, D. (2011). Institutional perspectives on entrepreneurial behavior in challenging environments. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00317.x
Williamson, O. E. (2002). The theory of the firm as governance structure: From choice to contract. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 171-195. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216956
Yam, R. C., Lo, W., Tang, E. P., & Lau, A. K. (2011). Analysis of sources of innovation, technological innovation capabilities, and performance: An empirical study of Hong Kong manufacturing industries. Research Policy, 40(3), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.10.013
Zawislak, P. A., Alves, A. C., Tello-Gamarra, J., Barbieux, D., & Reichert, F. M. (2012). Innovation capability: From technology development to transaction capability. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 7(2), 14-27. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242012000200002
Zawislak, P. A., Alves, A. C., Tello-Gamarra, J., Barbieux, D., & Reichert, F. M. (2013). Influences of the internal capabilities of firms on their innovation performance: A case study investigation in Brazil. International Journal of Management, 30(1), 329-348. https://pesquisa-eaesp.fgv.br/sites/gvpesquisa.fgv.br/files/arquivos/influences_ of_the_internal_capabilities_of_firms_on_their_innovation.pdf
Allen, D. W. E. (2017). The private governance of entrepreneurship: An institutional approach to entrepreneurial discovery [Doctoral dissertation]. School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University.
Allen, D. W. E., & Potts, J. (2016, November 19-21). The origin of the entrepreneur and the role of the innovation commons. Conference Paper for 86th Annual Meeting of the Southern Economic Association Conference, Washington, D.C. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2867850
Alves, A. C., Barbieux, D., Reichert, F. M., Tello-Gamarra, J., & Zawislak, P. A. (2017). Innovation and dynamic capabilities of the firm: Defining an assessment model. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(3), 232-244. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020170304
Audretsch, D. B., Bozeman, B., Combs, K. L., Feldman, M., Link, A. N., Siegel, D. S., Stephan, P., Tassey, G., & Wessner, C. (2002). The economics of science and technology. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 27, 155-203. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014382532639
Baecker, D. (2006). The form of the firm. Organization, 13(1), 109-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508406059644
Baron, R. A., & Ensley, M. D. (2006). Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science, 52(9), 1331-1344. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0538
Block, J. H., Fisch, C. O., & Praag, M. (2017). The Schumpeterian entrepreneur: A review of the empirical evidence on the antecedents, behaviour and consequences of innovative entrepreneurship. Industry and Innovation, 24(1), 61-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1216397
Brush, C. G., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(5), 547-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.09.002
Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R., & Carland, J. A. C. (1984). Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359. https://doi.org/10.2307/258448
Capelleras, J. L., & Greene, F. J. (2008). The determinants and growth implications of venture creation speed. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(4), 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701855683
Cha, M.-S., & Bae, Z.-T. (2010). The entrepreneurial journey: From entrepreneurial intent to opportunity realization. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 21(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2010.02.005
Chandler, A. D. (1992). Organizational capabilities and the economic history of the industrial enterprise. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(3), 79-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2138304
Chandler, G. N., DeTienne, D. R., McKelvie, A., & Mumford, T. V. (2011). Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.10.006
Coase, R. H. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica, 4(16), 386-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x
Coase, R. H. (1991). The institutional structure of production. Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines, 2(4), 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1515/jeeh-1991-0401
Dai, L., Maksimov, V., Gilbert, B. A., & Fernhaber, S. A. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation and international scope: The differential roles of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.004
Demsetz, H. (1988). The theory of the firm revisited. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 4(1), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a036941
Dosi, G. (1991). Perspectives on evolutionary theory. Science and Public Policy, 18(6), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1093/spp/18.6.353
Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R., Silverberg, G., & Soete, L. (Eds.). (1988). Technical change and economic theory. Pinter.
Dosi, G., Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (Eds.). (2000). The nature and dynamics of organizational capabilities. Oxford University Press.
Dullius, A. C. (2016). As capacidades de inovação em Startups: Um estudo no Vale do Silício [Master thesis]. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Ehrenhard, M., Wijnhoven, F., van den Broek, T., & Stagno, M. Z. (2017). Unlocking how start-ups create business value with mobile applications: Development of an app-enabled business innovation cycle. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 115, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.09.011
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Tabrizi, B. N. (1995). Accelerating adaptive processes: Product innovation in the global computer industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(1), 84-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393701
Fagerberg, J., & Verspagen, B. (2009). Innovation studies - the emerging structure of a new scientific field. Research Policy, 38(2), 218-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.12.006
Filion, L. J. (1999). Diferenças entre sistemas gerenciais de empreendedores e operadores de pequenos negócios. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 39(4), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75901999000400002
Freeman, J., & Engel, J. S. (2007). Models of innovation: Startups and mature corporations. California Management Review, 50(1), 94-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166418
Fujimoto, T. (1994). Reinterpreting the resource-capability view of the firm: A case of the development-production systems of the Japanese auto makers. In A. D. Chandler, P. Hagstrom, & Ö. Sölvell (Eds.), The dynamic firm: The role of technology, strategy, organization, and regions. Oxford University Press.
García-Gutiérrez, I., & Martínez-Borreguero, F. J. (2016). The innovation pivot framework: Fostering business model innovation in startups. Research-Technology Management, 59(5), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2016.1208043
Grimaldi, R., & Grandi, A. (2005). Business incubators and new venture creation: An assessment of incubating models. Technovation, 25(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(03)00076-2
Guan, J., & Ma, N. (2003). Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms. Technovation, 23(9), 737-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00013-5
Hébert, R. F., & Link, A. N. (2006). The entrepreneur as innovator. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-006-9060-5
Heirman, A., & Clarysse, B. (2007). Which tangible and intangible assets matter for innovation speed in start-ups?. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(4), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00253.x
Hill, J., McGowan, P., & Maclaran, P. (1998). Developing marketing planning skills: Combining theory and practice. Journal of Marketing Practice, 4(3), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004489
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Sirmon, D. G., & Trahms, C. A. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations, and society. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(2), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.25.2.57
Hodges, J. (2017). Building capabilities for change: The crucial role of resilience. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 31(1), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-07-2016-0064
Kirzner, I. M. (1978). Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press.
Lall, S. (1992). Technological capabilities and industrialization. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F
Lévesque, M., & Stephan, U. (2019). It’s time we talk about time in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(2), 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258719839711
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: Citation, thematic analysis, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11, 907-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5
Kessler, E. H., & Bierly, P. E. (2002). Is faster really better? An empirical test of the implications of innovation speed. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1109/17.985742
McAdam, M., & Marlow, S. (2007). Building futures or stealing secrets? Entrepreneurial cooperation and conflict within business incubators. International Small Business Journal, 25(4), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607078563
McClelland, D. C. (1972). A sociedade competitiva: Realização e progresso social. Expressão e Cultura.
McMullen, J. S., & Dimov, D. (2013). Time and the entrepreneurial journey: The problems and promise of studying entrepreneurship as a process. Journal of Management Studies, 50(8), 1481-1512. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12049
Moogk, D. R. (2012). Minimum viable product and the importance of experimentation in technology startups. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(3). https://timreview.ca/article/535
Munier, F. (2013) Schumpeterian entrepreneur. In E. G. Carayannis (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8_243
Nelson, R. R., Dosi, G., & Helfat, C. E. (2018). Modern evolutionary economics: An overview. Cambridge University Press.
Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Belknap Press.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1998). Publications science, technology and industry outlook. Science, Technology and Industry Outlook Report. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/science-technology- and-industry-outlook-1998_sti_outlook-1998-en.html
Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 174-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.001
Pan, F., & Yang, B. (2019). Financial development and the geographies of startup cities: evidence from China. Small Business Economics, 52(3), 743-758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9983-2
Penrose, E. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford University Press.
Pufal, N. A., & Zawislak, P. A. (2021). Innovation capabilities and the organization of the firm: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 33(2), 287-307. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2021-0054
Picken, J. C. (2017). From startup to scalable enterprise: Laying the foundation. Business Horizons, 60(5), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.002
Rasmussen, E. S., & Tanev, S. (2015). The emergence of the lean global startup as a new type of firm. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(11). https://timreview.ca/article/941
Reichert, F. M., Camboim, G. F., & Zawislak, P. A. (2015). Capacidades e trajetórias de inovação de empresas brasileiras. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 16(5), 161-194. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712015/administracao.v16n5p161-194
Richardson, G. B. (1972). The organisation of industry. The Economic Journal, 82(327), 883-896. https://doi.org/10.2307/2230256
Ries, E. (2011). The lean startup. Crown Business.
Robbins, L. (1968). Theory of economic development in the history of economic thought. MacMillan.
Roundtree, A. K. (2016, October). Startup weekends: Invention as process for proto-entrepreneurs. In 2016 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (IPCC) (pp. 1-14). IEEE.
Sarasvathy, S. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 243-263. https://doi.org/10.2307/259121
Shepherd, D. J. & Haynie, M. (2009). Birds of a feather don’t always flock together: Identity management in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4), 316-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.005
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle. Oxford University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Harper & Row.
Stayton, J., & Mangematin, V. (2016). Startup time, innovation and organizational emergence: A study of USA-based international technology ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14, 373-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0183-y
Teece, D. J. (2018). Business models and dynamic capabilities. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.007
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi. org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7%3C509::AID-SMJ882%3E3.0.CO;2-Z
Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (2004). New venture creation enterprise for the 21st century. McGraw Hill.
Toms, S., Wilson, N., & Wright, M. (2019). Innovation, intermediation, and the nature of entrepreneurship: A historical perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1310
Vogel, P. (2017). From venture idea to venture opportunity. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 943-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12234
Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship—conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x
Welter, F., & Smallbone, D. (2011). Institutional perspectives on entrepreneurial behavior in challenging environments. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00317.x
Williamson, O. E. (2002). The theory of the firm as governance structure: From choice to contract. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 171-195. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216956
Yam, R. C., Lo, W., Tang, E. P., & Lau, A. K. (2011). Analysis of sources of innovation, technological innovation capabilities, and performance: An empirical study of Hong Kong manufacturing industries. Research Policy, 40(3), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.10.013
Zawislak, P. A., Alves, A. C., Tello-Gamarra, J., Barbieux, D., & Reichert, F. M. (2012). Innovation capability: From technology development to transaction capability. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 7(2), 14-27. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242012000200002
Zawislak, P. A., Alves, A. C., Tello-Gamarra, J., Barbieux, D., & Reichert, F. M. (2013). Influences of the internal capabilities of firms on their innovation performance: A case study investigation in Brazil. International Journal of Management, 30(1), 329-348. https://pesquisa-eaesp.fgv.br/sites/gvpesquisa.fgv.br/files/arquivos/influences_ of_the_internal_capabilities_of_firms_on_their_innovation.pdf