Exploring the Evolution and Recombination of Firms’ Innovation Capabilities
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: The study aims to elucidate whether and how firms evolve and recombine their innovation capabilities over time to adapt to market changes. To do so, Brazilian agricultural machinery manufacturers transitioning to Industry 4.0 were analyzed through the lens of four innovation capabilities (development, operations, transactions, and management). Methods: A longitudinal quantitative study was conducted with 29 companies, considering two periods: 2014 and 2018. The evolution and recombination of firms’ capabilities were explored, respectively, through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Results: The four capabilities evolved and were recombined. The evolution of business-driven capabilities (transactions and management) was more significant than the evolution of technology- driven capabilities (development and operations). In 2014 firms innovated by combining development, operations, and management capabilities (DC*OC*MC), and in 2018 by articulating transactions, operations, and management capabilities (TC*OC*MC). Conclusions: Firms changed their focus from technological innovations to business innovations over time. The study discusses the complementarities between these innovation types in the context of firms converting to Industry 4.0.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Ali, S., Tian, H., Wu, W., Ali, S., Kumail, T., & Saif, N. (2024). Marketing capabilities, market ambidexterity and product innovation outcomes: A yin-yang of insideout and outside-in. Industrial Marketing Management, 118(2024), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.02.003
Alpkan, L., & Gemici, E. (2023). The relation between high-performance work systems and product innovativeness: The mediating role of technological capabilities and the moderating role of university-industry collaboration. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 67(2023), 101735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2023.101735
Alves, A. C., Barbieux, D., Reichert, F. M., Tello-Gamarra, J. & Zawislak, P. A. (2017). Innovation and dynamic capabilities of the firm: Defining an assessment model. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(3), 232-244. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020170304
Anzola-Román, P., Bayona-Sáez, C., & García-Marco, T. (2018). Organizational innovation, internal R&D and externally sourced innovation practices: Effects on technological innovation outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 91(2018), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.014
Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento. (2021). Histórico das classificações de porte. https://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/financiamento/guia/ historico-das-classificacoes-de-porte
Ali, S., Tian, H., Wu, W., Ali, S., Kumail, T., & Saif, N. (2024). Marketing capabilities, market ambidexterity and product innovation outcomes: A yin-yang of insideout and outside-in. Industrial Marketing Management, 118(2024), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.02.003
Alpkan, L., & Gemici, E. (2023). The relation between high-performance work systems and product innovativeness: The mediating role of technological capabilities and the moderating role of university-industry collaboration. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 67(2023), 101735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2023.101735
Alves, A. C., Barbieux, D., Reichert, F. M., Tello-Gamarra, J. & Zawislak, P. A. (2017). Innovation and dynamic capabilities of the firm: Defining an assessment model. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 57(3), 232-244. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020170304
Anzola-Román, P., Bayona-Sáez, C., & García-Marco, T. (2018). Organizational innovation, internal R&D and externally sourced innovation practices: Effects on technological innovation outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 91(2018), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.014
Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento. (2021). Histórico das classificações de porte. https://www.bndes.gov.br/wps/portal/site/home/financiamento/guia/historico-das-classificacoes-de-porte
Bending, D., Göttel, V., Eckardt, D., & Schulz, C. (2024). Human capital in corporate venture capital units and its relation to parent firms’ innovative performance. Research Policy, 53(2024), 105003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2024.105003
Bolfe, E., Jorge, L., Sanches, I., Luchiari Jr., A., Costa, C., Victoria, D., Inamasu, R., Grego, C., Rodrigues, V., & Ramirez, A. (2020). Precision and digital agriculture: Adoption of technologies and perception of Brazilian farmers. Agriculture, 10(653), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120653
Brito, L. A. L., & Sauan, P. K. (2016). Management practices as capabilities leading to superior performance. Brazilian Administration Review, 13(3). http://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2016160004
Calvino, F., Criscuolo, C., Marcolin, L., & Squicciarini, M. (2018). A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors [Whiter Paper]. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f404736a-en
Cimini, C., Boffeli, A., Lagorio, A., Kalchschmidt, & Pinto, R. (2021). How do Industry 4.0 technologies influence organisational change? An empirical analysis of Italian SMEs. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 32(3), 695-721. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-04-2019-0135
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quaterly, 35(1990), 128-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553
Confederação Nacional da Indústria. (2024). Perfil da Indústria. https://perfildaindustria.portaldaindustria.com.br/estado/rs
Collinson, W., & Wang, R. (2012). The evolution of innovation capability in multinational enterprise subsidiaries: Dual network embeddedness and the divergence of subsidiary specialisation in Taiwan. Research Policy, 41(2012), 1501- 1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.05.007
Csiki, O., Demeter, K., & Losonci, D. (2023). How to improve firm performance? The role of production capabilities and routines. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 43(13), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-03-2022-0221
Culot, G., Orzes, G., Sartor, M., & Nassimbeni, G. (2020). A Delphi-based scenario analysis on Industry 4.0. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 157(2020), 120092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120092
Daronco, E. L., Silva, D. S., Seibel, M. K., & Cortimiglia, M. N. (2023). A new framework of firm-level innovation capability: A propensity–ability perspective. European Management Journal, 41(2023), 236-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.02.002
Dalenogare, L. S., Benitez, G. B., Ayala, N. F., & Frank, A. G. (2018). The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 204(2018), 383-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019
Damanpour, F. (2020). Organizational innovation: Theory, research, and direction. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788117449
Damanpour, F., & Evan, W. (1984). Organizational innovation and performance: The problem of “organizational lag”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3), 392- 409. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393031
Dimakopoulo, A. G., Gkypali, A., & Tsekouras, K. (2024). Technological and non-technological innovation synergies under the lens of absorptive capacity efficiency. Journal of Business Research, 176(2024), Article 114593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114593
Dosi, G., Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (2000). Introduction: The nature and dynamics of organizational capabilities. In: G. Dosi, R. Nelson, & S. Winter (Eds.), The nature and dynamic of organizational capabilities (pp. 1-22). Oxford University Press.
Dutrénit, G., Natera, J., Anyul, M., & Vera-Cruz, A. (2019). Development profiles and accumulation of technological capabilities in Latin America. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 145(2019), 396-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.03.026
Emery, F., & Trist, E. (1960). Socio-technical systems. In: C.W. Churchman & M. Verhulst (Eds.), Management Sciences Models and Techniques (pp. 83-97). Pergamon Press.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Publications. Figueiredo, P. (2017). Micro-level technological capability accumulation in developing economies: Insights from the Brazilian sugarcane ethanol industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 167(2017), 416-431. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.201
Figueiredo, P., Larsen, H., & Hansen, U. (2020). The role of interactive learning in innovation capability building in multinational subsidiaries: A microlevel study of biotechnology in Brazil. Research Policy, 49(2020), 103995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103995
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017). The state of food and agriculture: Leveraging food system for inclusive rural transformation. https://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/ en/c/1046886/
Fullerton, R. R., Kennedy, F. A., & Widener, S. K. (2014). Lean manufacturing and firm performance: The incremental contribution of lean management accounting practices. Journal of Operations Management, 32(2014), 414-428. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.09.002
Francis, D., & Bessant, J. (2005). Targeting innovation and implications for capability development. Technovation, 25(2005), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.03.004
Frank, A., Dalenogare, L., & Ayala, F. (2019). Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies. International Journal of Production Economics, 210(2019), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.01.004
García, J. S., Álvarez, C. A. A., Gómez, J. M. C., & Toro, J. J. A. (2017). Measuring organizational capabilities for technological innovation through a fuzzy inference system. Technology in Society, 50(2017), 93-109. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.05.005
Golgeci, I., & Gligor, D. (2017). The interplay between key marketing and supply chain management capabilities: The role of integrative mechanisms. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 32/3(2017), 472-483. http://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2016-0102
Gräbner, C., & Hornykewycz, A. (2022). Capability accumulation and product innovation: An agent-based perspective. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 32(2022), 87-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-021-00732-9
Guan, J., & Ma, N. (2003). Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms. Technovation, 23(9), 737-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00013-5
Guo, Y., & Zheng, G. (2019). How do firms upgrade capabilities for systemic catchup in the open innovation context? A multiple-case study of three leading home appliance companies in China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 144(2019), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.001
Hagedoorn, J., & Cloodt, M. (2003). Measuring innovative performance: Is there an advantage in using multiple indicators? Research Policy, 32(2003), 1365-1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00137-3
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
Hsiao, J. P., Jaw, C., Huan, T. C., & Woodside, A. G. (2015). Applying complexity theory to solve hospitality contrarian case conundrums. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(4), 608-647. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2013-0533
Huang, Y., Li, P., Bu, Y., & Zhao, G. (2023). What entrepreneurial ecosystem elements promote sustainable entrepreneurship? Journal of Cleaner Production, 422(2023), 138459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138459
Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W., & Helbig, J. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0. Acatech: National Academy of Science and Engineering. https://www.acatech.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ Final_report__Industrie_4.0_accessible.pdf
Kumar, N., & Yakhlef, A. (2013). How capabilities evolve in a born global firm? Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 6(3), 223-242. http://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-06-2014-0018
Lall, S. (1992). Technological capabilities and industrialization. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F
Leonard-Barton, D. (1992). Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in management new product development. Strategic Management Journal, 13(1992), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250131009
Leischnig, A., & Kasper-Brauer, K. (2015). Employee adaptive behavior in service enactments. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 273-280. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.07.008
Leo, R., Camboim, G., Avila, A., Reichert, F., & Zawislak, P. (2022). Innovation capabilities in agribusiness: Evidence from Brazil. RAUSP Management Journal, 57(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-02-2021-0019
Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Loures, E., & Ramos, L. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0 – a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55(12), 3609-3629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1308576
Liu, P., Zhu, B., Yang, M., & Chu, Xu. (2022). ESG and financial performance: A qualitative comparative analysis in China’s new energy companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 379(2022), 134721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134721
MacFarland, T., & Yates, J. (2016). Introduction of nonparametric statistics for the biological sciences using R. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30634-6
Mahda, M., Hasanov, M., Isakhanyan, G., & Dolfsma, W. (2022). A smart web of firms, farms and internet of things (IOT): Enabling collaboration-based business models in the agri-food industry. British Food Journal, 124(6), 1857-1874. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2021-0756
Manresa, A., Bikfalvi, A., Lighthart, P., & Kok, R. (2024). Insights into the digitalization-performance relationship: The role of flexibility and quality enhancing organizational practices. Production Planning and Control. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2024.2303344
Mantovani, E. C., Queiroz, D. M., Cruvinel, P. E., Oliveira, P. E. B., & Fernandes, A. L. T. (2019). Current status and future prospect of the agricultural mechanization in Brazil. Agric. Mechan. Asia, Afr. Latin Am. 50(2), 20-28. https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1110395/current-status-and-futureprospect- of-the-agricultural-mechanization-in-brazil
Meindl, B., Ayala, N., Mendonça, J., Frank, A. (2021). The four smarts of Industry 4.0: Evolution of ten years of research and future perspectives. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 168(2021), 120784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120784
Moldner, A. K., Garza-Reyes, J. A. & Kumar, V. (2020). Exploring lean manufacturing pratices’ influence on process innovation performance. Journal of Business Research, 106(2020), 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.09.002
Nascimento, L., & Zawislak, P. (2023). Towards a theory of capabilitybased transactions: Bounded innovation capabilities, commercialization, cooperation, and complementarity. Technology in Society, 75(2023), 102382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102382
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). Measuring the digital transformation: A roadmap for the future. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264311992-en
Oliveira, C., Ruffoni, E., Maçada, A., & Padula, A. (2019). Innovation capabilities in the food processing industry in Brazil. British Food Journal, 121(11), 2901-2918. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2018-0647
Oliveira, G. M., & Silva, A. B. D. (2022). Interorganizational learning mechanisms in Porto Digital. Brazilian Administration Review, 19(2), e210106. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2022210106
Pappas, I., & Woodside, A. (2021). Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for research practice in information systems and marketing. International Journal of Information Management, 58(2021), 102310. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310
Patterson, W., & Ambrosini, V. (2015). Configuring absorptive capacity as a key process for research intensive firms. Technovation, 36-37(2015), 77-89. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.10.003
Peerally, J., Santiago, F., De Fuentes, C., & Moghavvemi, S. (2022). Towards a firmlevel technological capability framework to endorse and actualize the Fourth Industrial Revolution in developing countries. Research Policy, 51(2022), 104563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104563
Prahalad, C. K., & Hammel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, May-June (1990), 79-91. https://hbr.org/1990/05/the-core-competence-of-the-corporation
Pufal, N., & Zawislak P. (2021). Innovation capabilities and the organization of the firm: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 33(2), 287-307. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2021-0054
Ragin, C. C. (2000). Fuzzy-set social science. University of Chicago Press.
Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226702797.001.0001
Reichert, F. M., Torugsa A, N., Zawislak, P. A., & Arundel A. (2016). Exploring innovation success recipes in low-technology firms using fuzzy-set QCA. Journal of Business Research, 11(69), 5437-5441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.151
Richardson, G. B. (1972). The organization of industry. The Economic Journal, 82(327), 883-896.
Rita, L. P. S., & Silva, J. R. (2023). Competitiveness and R&D Subsidies: The Case of the Industry 4.0 Program in Portugal. Brazilian Administration Review, 20(2), e220003, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2023220003
Rodrigues, E., Lourenzani, W., & Satolo, E. (2021). Blockchain in supply chain management: Characteristics and benefits. Brazilian Administration Review, 18(Spe), e200065. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021200065
Ruffoni, E., D’Andrea, F., Chaves, J., Zawislak, P., & Tello-Gamarra, J. (2018). R&D investment and the arrangement of innovation capabilities in Brazilian manufacturing firms. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 13(4), 74-83. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242018000400074
Ruffoni, E., & Reichert, F. (2022). Capabilities and innovative performance in the Brazilian agricultural machinery industry. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 24(2), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v24i2.4168
Santos, S., & Gonçalves, H. (2019). Multichannel consumer behaviors in the mobile environment: Using fsQCA and discriminant analysis to understand webrooming motivations. Journal of Business Research, 101(2019), 757-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.069
Saunilla, M., & Ukko, J. (2012). A conceptual framework for the measurement of innovation capability and its effects. Baltic Journal of Management, 7(4), 355-375. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465261211272139
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Harvard University Press.
Shen, L., Sun, W., & Parida, V. (2023). Consolidating digital servitization research: A systematic review, integrative framework, and future research directions. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 191(2023), 122478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122478
Silva, E. M., Paiva, E. L., Sacomano Neto, M., & Freitas, K. A. D. (2021). Developing operational capabilities in the collaborative practice-adoption process through different triadic structures. Brazilian Administration Review, 18(4), e210025. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021210025
Silva, F., Jerónimo, H., & Vieira, P. (2019). Leadership competencies revisited: A causal configuration analysis of success in the requirements phase of information systems projects. Journal of Business Research, 101(2019), 688-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.025
Sjödin, D., Parida, V., & Kohtamäki, M. (2016). Capability configurations for advanced service offerings in manufacturing firms: Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. Journal of Business Research, 69(2016), 5330-5335. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.133
Smania, G., Mendes, G., Godinho Filho, M., Osiro, L., Cauchik-Miguel, P., & Coreynem. W. (2022). The relationships between digitalization and ecosystem-related capabilities for service innovation in agricultural machinery manufacturers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 343(2022), 130982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130982
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(2007), 1319-1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi. org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
Torres, P., & Augusto, M. (2019). Understanding complementarities among different forms of innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(5), 813-834. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2019-0012
Valéau, P., Gabay-Mariani, L., & Paillé, P. (2024). How initial and long-term commitment profiles shape entrepreneurial persistence over time. Journal of Business Research, 170(2024), 114332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114332
Vieira, J. E. R., Filho, & Fishlow, A. (2017). Agricultura e indústria no Brasil: Inovação e competitividade. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada.
Wang, Y., Ma, H. S., Yang, J. H., & Wang, K. S. (2017). Industry 4.0: A way from mass customization to mass personalization production. Advances in Manufacturing, 5(2017), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-017-0204-7
Warner, K. S. R., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, 52(2019), 326-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.12.001
Weking, J., Stöcker, M., Kowalkiewicz, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2019). Leveraging industry 4.0: A business model pattern framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 225(2020), 107588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107588
Wolfert, S., Ge, L., Verdouw, C., & Bogaardt, M.J. (2017). Big data in smart farming: A review. Agricultural Systems, 153(2017), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.023
Wong, C., & Goh, K. (2014). Catch-up models of science and technology: A theorization of the Asian experience from bi-logistic growth trajectories. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 95(2015), 312-327. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.02.005
Woodside, A. G. (2013). Moving beyond multiple regression analysis to algorithms: Calling for adoption of a paradigm shift from symmetric to asymmetric thinking in data analysis and crafting theory. Journal of Business Research, 66(4), 463- 472. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.12.021
Xu, L. D., Xu, E. L., & Li, L. (2018). Industry 4.0: State of the art and future trends. International Journal of Production Research, 56(8), 2941-2962. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1444806
Zambon, I., Cecchini, M., Egidi, G., Saporito, M. G., & Colantoni, A. (2019). Revolution 4.0: Industry vs. Agriculture in a Future Development for SMEs. Processes, 7(36), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7010036
Zawislak, P. A., Alves, A., Tello-Gamarra, J., Barbieux, D., & Reichert, F. M. (2012). Innovation capability: From technology development to transaction capability. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 7(2), 14-27. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242012000200002
Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Li, Q., & Li, Y. (2023). A review of dynamic capabilities evolution: Based on organizational routines, entrepreneurship and improvisational capabilities perspectives. Journal of Business Research, 168(2023), Article 114214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114214
Zheng, T., Ardolino, M., Bacchetti, A., & Perona, M. (2020). The applications of Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing context: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 59 (6), 1922-1954. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1824085