Exploring Demands and Resources for Mothers in Leadership Roles
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Abstract
Objective: this study investigates how mothers in leadership positions manage their motherhood and work responsibilities. The job demands-resources (JD-R) model served as the theoretical lens for the analysis. Method: a qualitative and exploratory study was conducted with 18 women employed in large organizations in Brazil. The data were analyzed through content analysis. Results: findings support key aspects of the JD-R model while also revealing additional resources and demands. Selfimposed maternal standards emerged as a personal demand, whereas workplace prejudice and discrimination and the lack of organizational support upon returning to work were identified as job demands. In contrast, remote work and flexible scheduling were essential job resources, while managerial skills and support networks were found to be important personal resources. The results also showed that the challenges of balancing motherhood and work responsibilities led some participants to forgo higher-level positions in their organizations. Conclusions: the study contributes to the literature by introducing new job and personal demands and resources within the context of motherhood. From a practical standpoint, the findings underscore the need for organizational policies to support working mothers, which may foster their representation in leadership roles and help mitigate workplace inequalities.
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Oliveira, L. B. de, & Soffiatti, P. (2025). Exploring Demands and Resources for Mothers in Leadership Roles. Brazilian Administration Review, 22(4), e250021. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2025250021
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Research Articles
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References
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Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job demands–resources theory: Ten years later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933
Barbier, M., Hansez, I., Chmiel, N., & Demerouti, E. (2013). Performance expectations, personal resources, and job resources: How do they predict work engagement? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 750–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.704675
Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de conteúdo. Edições 70.
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7511
Bröckel, M. (2018). The role of partners’ support for women’s reentry into employment after a child-related career break in Germany. Journal of Family Issues, 39(7), 1739–1769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16653435
Byrne, A., Dionisi, A. M., Barling, J., Akers, A., Robertson, J., Lys, R., Wylie, J., & Dupré, K. (2014). The depleted leader: The influence of leaders’ diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.09.003
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009
Carvalho, A. M. Neto, Tanure, B., & Andrade, J. (2010). Executivas: Carreira, maternidade, amores e preconceitos. RAE Eletrônica, 9(1). https://www.scielo.br/j/raeel/a/rCHcJNkRPW4SYjh8WHSK6Ch/?lang=pt
Chen, I. S. (2024). Extending the job demands–resources model to understand the effect of the interactions between home and work domains on work engagement. Stress and Health, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3362
Contreras, F., Espinosa, J. C., & Esguerra, G. A. (2020). Could personal resources influence work engagement and burnout? A study in a group of nursing staff. SAGE Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900563
Craig, L., & Mullan, K. (2011). How mothers and fathers share childcare: A cross-national time-use comparison. American Sociological Review, 76(6), 834–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411427673
Crowley, J. E. (2013). Perceiving and responding to maternal workplace discrimination in the United States. Women’s Studies International Forum, 40, 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.08.001
Cukrowska-Torzewska, E., & Matysiak, A. (2020). The motherhood wage penalty: A meta-analysis. Social Science Research, 88–89, 102416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102416
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
Domínguez-Soto, C., Labajo, V., & Labrador-Fernández, J. (2025). Motherhood enrichment in leadership: exploring top female executives in Spain. Career Development International, 30(2), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-10-2023-0383
Gold, J., & Thorpe, R. (2010). Leadership and management development in small and medium-sized enterprises: SME worlds. In J. Gold, R. Thorpe, & A. Mumford (Eds.), Gower Handbook of Leadership and Management Development (pp. 133–150). Gower Publishing
Goldenberg, M. (2011). A arte de pesquisar: Como fazer pesquisa qualitativa em Ciências Sociais. Editora Record.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://www.jstor.org/stable/258214?seq=1
Greenhaus, J. H., & Kossek, E. E. (2014). The contemporary career: A work–home perspective. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091324
Guglielmi, D., Simbula, S., Schaufeli, W. B., & Depolo, M. (2012). Self-efficacy and workaholism as initiators of the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 17(4), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211255842
Guiginski, J., & Wajnman, S. (2019). A penalidade pela maternidade: participação e qualidade da inserção no mercado de trabalho das mulheres com filhos. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, 36, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.20947/s0102-3098a0090
Guillaume, C., & Pochic, S. (2009). What would you sacrifice? Access to top management and the work-life balance. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 14–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00354.x
Hennekam, S., Syed, J., Ali, F., & Dumazert, J. P. (2019). A multilevel perspective of the identity transition to motherhood. Gender, Work and Organization, 26(7), 915–933. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12334
Hirata, H. (2015). Mudanças e permanências nas desigualdades de gênero: divisão sexual do trabalho numa perspectiva comparativa. In Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Brasil, Análise (7). https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/brasilien/12133.pdf
Humphrey, R. H. (2012). How do leaders use emotional labor? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(5), 740–744. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23250910
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2023). PNAD Contínua 2022: Outras formas de trabalho. IBGE.
Komlenac, N., Stockinger, L., & Hochleitner, M. (2022). Family supportive supervisor behaviors moderate associations between work stress and exhaustion: Testing the job demands–resources model in academic staff at an Austrian medical university. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095769
Ladge, J. J., Humberd, B. K., & Eddleston, K. A. (2018). Retaining professionally employed new mothers: The importance of maternal confidence and workplace support to their intent to stay. Human Resource Management, 57(4), 883–900. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21889
Limmer, A., & Schütz, A. (2021). Interactive effects of personal resources and job characteristics on mental health: a population-based panel study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01555-0
Loureiro, C. M. P., Costa, I. S. A., & Freitas, J. A. S. B. (2012). Trajetórias profissionais de mulheres executivas: Qual o preço do sucesso? Revista de Ciências da Administração, 14(33), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2012v14n33p130
Lundqvist, D., Eriksson, A. F., & Ekberg, K. (2012). Exploring the relationship between managers’ leadership and their health. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 42(3), 419–427. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-1395
Machín-Rincón, L., Cifre, E., Domínguez-Castillo, P., & Segovia-Pérez, M. (2020). I am a leader, I am a mother, I can do this! The moderated mediation of psychological capital, work-family conflict, and having children on well-being of women leaders. Sustainability, 12(5), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052100
Martins, G. D. F., Leal, C. L., Schmidt, B., & Piccinini, C. A. (2019). Motherhood and work: Experience of women with established careers. Trends in Psychology, 27(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2019.1-06
Mastenbroek, N. J. J. M., Jaarsma, A. D. C., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A., van Beukelen, P., & Demerouti, E. (2014). The role of personal resources in explaining well-being and performance: A study among young veterinary professionals. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.728040
McCarthy, A., Darcy, C., & Grady, G. (2010). Work-life balance policy and practice: Understanding line manager attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.12.001
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