Unveiling Public Innovation Management: What Data Mining Reveals by Analyzing Brazilian Experiences?
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Abstract
Objective: the purpose of this article is to explain public sector innovation management, based on Brazilian experiences in public administration, relating six dimensions of innovation: drivers, facilitators, barriers, capabilities, outcomes, and impacts of innovation. Method: concerning qualitative methods, we analyze institutional documents about innovation experiences by applying content analysis and methodological triangulation among researchers. Regarding quantitative methods, we structured databases to operationalize the analysis, using data mining through the Apriori algorithm to identify association rules between the research constructs. Results: the results show 37 association rules that describe public innovation: human resources management for innovation, technology management for innovation, user knowledge, search for problem-solving, co-production between partners, and public co-producers. Conclusion: as a contribution, the research provides theoretical and empirical insights to improve the conceptual accuracy of the phenomenon and inform decision-making regarding policies and programs for managing public sector innovation.
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Silva Filho, A. I. da, Carneiro, D. K. de O., & Coelho, F. de S. (2025). Unveiling Public Innovation Management: What Data Mining Reveals by Analyzing Brazilian Experiences?. Brazilian Administration Review, 22(2), e240077. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2025240077
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Research Articles
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References
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Bekkers, V., & Tummers, L. (2018). Innovation in the public sector: Towards an open and collaborative approach. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(2), p. 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852318761797
Bekkers, V. J. J. M., Tummers, L. G. & Voorberg, W. H. (2013). From public innovation to social innovation in the public sector: A literature review of relevant drivers and barriers. Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Bloch, C. (2011). Measuring public innovation in the Nordic Countries: Copenhagen Manual. MEPIN.
Bloch, C., & Bugge, M. M. (2013). Public sector innovation – from theory to measurement. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2013.06.008
Bloch, C., Jorgensen, L. L., Norn, M. T. & Vad, T. B. (2009). Public sector innovation index: A Diagnostic tool for measuring innovative performance and capability in public sector organizations. NESTA.
Boon, J., Wynen, J., & Callens, C. (2023). A stakeholder perspective on public sector innovation: Linking the target groups of innovations to the inclusion of stakeholder ideas. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 89(2), 330-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211043704
Borins, S. (2002). Leadership and innovation in the public sector. Leadership & Oranization Development Journal, 23(8), 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730210449357
Borins, S. (2014). The persistence of innovation in government: A guide for innovative public servants. IBM Center for The Business of Government.
Brudney, J., & England, R. (1983). Toward a definition of the coproduction concept. Public Administration Review, 43(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/975300
Bugge, M. M., & Bloch, C. (2016). Between bricolage and breakthroughs: Framing the many faces of public sector innovation. Public Money & Management, 36(4), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2016.1162599
Bugge, M. M., Mortensen, P. S., & Bloch, C. (2011). Report of the Nordic Pilot studies – analyses of methodology and results. MEPIN.
Cartensen, H. V., & Bason, C. (2012). Powering collaborative policy innovation: Can innovation labs help? The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 17(1), 2-25.
Chen, J., Walker, R. M., & Sawhney, M. (2020). Public service innovation: A typology. Public Management Review, 22(11), 1674-1695. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1645874
Cinar, E., Trott, P., & Simms, C. (2019). A systematic review of barriers to public sector innovation process. Public Management Review, 21(2), 264-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1473477
Cinar, E., Simms, C., Trott, P., & Demircioglu, M. A. (2022). Public sector innovation in context: A comparative study of innovation types. Public Management Review, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2080860
Cinar, E., Demircioglu, M. A., Acik, A. C. & Simms, C. (2024). Public sector innovation in a city state: Exploring innovation types and national context in Singapore. Research Policy, 53, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104915
Cinar, E., Trott, P., & Simms, C. (2021). An international exploration of barriers and tactics in the public sector innovation process. Public Management Review, 23(3), 326-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1668470
Criado, J. I. (2021). Inteligencia Artificial (y administración pública). EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, 20, 348-372.
Criado, J. I., Alcaide-Muñoz, L. & Liarte, I. (2025). Two decades of public sector innovation: Building an analytical framework from a systematic literature review of types, strategies, conditions, and results. Public Management Review, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2254310
Criado, J. I., Dias, T. F., Sano, H., Rojas-Martín, F., Silvan, A., & Filho, A. I. (2021). Public innovation and living labs in action: a comparative analysis in Post-New Public Management contexts. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(6), 451-464.
Cunningham, P. (2005). Innovation in the Health Sector – case study analysis. Publin Report No. D19. NIFU STEP.
Daglio, M., Gerson D., & Kitchen H. (2014). Building organisational capacity for public sector innovation. OECD Publishing.
De Vries, H. A., Bekkers, V. J. J. M. & Tummers, L. G. (2016). Innovation in the public sector: a systematic review and future research agenda. Public Administration, 94(1), 146-166.
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1558689812437186
Demircioglu, M. A. (2018). The effects of empowerment practices on perceived barriers to innovation: Evidence from public organizations. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(15), 1302-1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1387143
Demircioglu, M. A. (2024) Public sector innovation: Sources, benefits, and leadership. International Public Management Journal, 27 (2), 190-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2023.2276481
Demircioglu, M. A., & Audretsch, D. B. (2017). Conditions for innovation in public sector organizations. Research policy, 46(9), 1681-1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.08.004
Djellal, F., Gallouj, F., & Miles, I. (2013). Two decades of research on innovation in services: Which place for public services? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, 98-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2013.06.005
Eggers, W. D. & Singh, S. K. (2009). The Public Innovator’s Playbook: Nurturing Bold Ideas in Government. Printcrafters.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Fayyad, U., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., & Smyth, P. (1996). From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases. AI magazine, 17(3), 37-37. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v17i3.1230
Figenschou, T., Li-Ying, J., Tanner, A., & Bogers, M. (2024). Open innovation in the public sector: A literature review on actors and boundaries. Technovation, 131, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102940
Gault, F. (2016). Defining and measuring innovation in all sector of economy: Policy relevance. UNU-MERIT.
Greene, D. & David, J. L. (1984). A research design for generalizing from multiple case studies. Evaluation and Program Planning, 7(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(84)90027-2
Han, J., Pei, J. & Tong, H. (2023). Data mining: concepts and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann
Heichlinger, A., Thijs, N. & Bosse, J. (2014). Form strengthening administrative capacity building (ACB) to public sector innovation (PSI): Building blocks and successful ‘bridges’. European Institute for Public Administration.
Hijal-Moghrabi, I., Sabharwal, M. & Ramanathan, K. (2020). Innovation in public organizations: do government reforms matter? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 33(6/7), 731-749. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-04-2020-0106
Hjelmar, U. (2021). The institutionalization of public sector innovation. Public Management Review, 23(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1665702
Hughes, A., Moore, K., & Kataria, N. (2011). Innovation in public sector organizations: A pilot survey for measuring innovation across the public sector. NESTA.
Koch, P., & Hauknes, J. (2005). Innovation in the Public Sector. Publin Report No. D20. NIFU STEP.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. (4th.ed.). SAGE.
Laville, C., & Dionne, J. (1999). A construção do saber: manual de metodologia da pesquisa em ciências humanas. Artmed.
Lee, S. M., Hwang, T., & Choi, D. (2012). Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries. Management Decision, 50(1), 147-162.
Liarte, I., Criado, J. I., & Alcaide-Muñoz, L. (2025). Determinants of public sector innovation: a comparative study of spanish local governments. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2025.2451390
Liu, B., Hsu, W., & Ma, Y. (1998). Integrating classifications and association rule mining. In: International Conference of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD’98) (pp. 80–86). New York, USA.
Lykkebo, O. B., Munch-Andersen, M., Jakobsen, N., Jeppesen, L. K., & Sauer, P. (2021). Copenhagen manual: A guide on how and why your country can benefit from measuring public sector innovation. The Danish National Center for Public Sector Innovation.
Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures, and software solution. 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage publications.
Mulgan, G. (2014). Innovation in the public sector: How can public organisations better create, improve and adapt? NESTA.
Nam, T. (2019). Determinants of local public employee attitudes toward government innovation: Government 3.0 in Korea. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 32(4), 418-434. https:// doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2018-0134
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020). The public sector innovation lifecycle: A device to assist teams and organisations in developing a more sophisticated approach to public sector innovation. OECD Publishing
Osborne, S. P., & Brown, K. (2005). Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. Routledge.
Osborne, S. P., Powell, M., Cui, T., & Strokosch, K. (2022). Value creation in the public service ecosystem: An integrative framework. Public Administration Review, 82(4), 634-645.
Pradana, I. P. Y. B., Susanto, E., & Kumorotomo, W. (2022). Analyzing the critical factors for innovation sustainability in the public sector: Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(7), 733-748. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-02-2022-0044
Puttick, R., Baeck, P., & Colligan, P. (2014). The teams and funds making innovation happen in governmens around the world. NESTA & Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Rubalcaba, L., Strokosch, K., Hansen, A. V., Røhnebæk, M., & Liefooghe, C. (2022). Insights on value co-creation, living labs and innovation in the public sector. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12010042
Sørensen, E. (2016). Political innovations: Innovations in political institutions, processes and outputs. Public Management Review, 19, 1-19.
Sørensen, E. & Torfing, J. (2011). Enhacing collaborative innovation in the public sector. Administration & Society, 43(8), 842-868.
Thøgersen, D. (2022). Managing innovation on the public frontline: Three approaches to innovation leadership. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(2), 150- https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2021-0152
Tonurist, P., Kattel, R., & Lembr, V. (2015). Discovering innovations labs in the public sector. Working paper in Technology, Governance and Economic Dynamic (61). https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:tth:wpaper:61
Torfing, J. (2018). Collaborative innovation in the public sector: The argument. Public Management Review, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1430248
Valladares, P. S. D. A.,Vasconcelos, M. A. & Di Serio, L. C. (2014). Innovation Capability: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 18(5), 598-626. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac20141210
Voorberg, W. H., Bekkers, V. J. J. M., & Tummers, L. G. (2015) A systematic review of co-creation and co-production: Embarking on the social innovation journey. Public Management Review, 17(9), 1333-1357. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.930505
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the public sector—applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
Yabing, J. (2013). Research of an improved apriori algorithm in data mining association rules. International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(1), 25-27. www.ijcce.org/papers/128-B047.pdf
Zhang, C., & Zhang, S. (2003). Association rule mining: Models and algorithms (Vol. 2307). Springer.
Agrawal, R. & Srikant, R. (1994). Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In Proceedings of the 20th VLDB Conference. Santiago, Chile.
Albury, D. (2005). Fostering innovation in public services. Public Money & Management, 25(1), p. 51-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2005.00450.x
Arundel, A. & Huber, D. (2013). From too little to too much innovation? Issues in measuring innovation in the public sector. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, p. 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2013.06.009
Bekkers, V., & Tummers, L. (2018). Innovation in the public sector: Towards an open and collaborative approach. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(2), p. 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852318761797
Bekkers, V. J. J. M., Tummers, L. G. & Voorberg, W. H. (2013). From public innovation to social innovation in the public sector: A literature review of relevant drivers and barriers. Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Bloch, C. (2011). Measuring public innovation in the Nordic Countries: Copenhagen Manual. MEPIN.
Bloch, C., & Bugge, M. M. (2013). Public sector innovation – from theory to measurement. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2013.06.008
Bloch, C., Jorgensen, L. L., Norn, M. T. & Vad, T. B. (2009). Public sector innovation index: A Diagnostic tool for measuring innovative performance and capability in public sector organizations. NESTA.
Boon, J., Wynen, J., & Callens, C. (2023). A stakeholder perspective on public sector innovation: Linking the target groups of innovations to the inclusion of stakeholder ideas. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 89(2), 330-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211043704
Borins, S. (2002). Leadership and innovation in the public sector. Leadership & Oranization Development Journal, 23(8), 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730210449357
Borins, S. (2014). The persistence of innovation in government: A guide for innovative public servants. IBM Center for The Business of Government.
Brudney, J., & England, R. (1983). Toward a definition of the coproduction concept. Public Administration Review, 43(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/975300
Bugge, M. M., & Bloch, C. (2016). Between bricolage and breakthroughs: Framing the many faces of public sector innovation. Public Money & Management, 36(4), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2016.1162599
Bugge, M. M., Mortensen, P. S., & Bloch, C. (2011). Report of the Nordic Pilot studies – analyses of methodology and results. MEPIN.
Cartensen, H. V., & Bason, C. (2012). Powering collaborative policy innovation: Can innovation labs help? The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 17(1), 2-25.
Chen, J., Walker, R. M., & Sawhney, M. (2020). Public service innovation: A typology. Public Management Review, 22(11), 1674-1695. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1645874
Cinar, E., Trott, P., & Simms, C. (2019). A systematic review of barriers to public sector innovation process. Public Management Review, 21(2), 264-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1473477
Cinar, E., Simms, C., Trott, P., & Demircioglu, M. A. (2022). Public sector innovation in context: A comparative study of innovation types. Public Management Review, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2080860
Cinar, E., Demircioglu, M. A., Acik, A. C. & Simms, C. (2024). Public sector innovation in a city state: Exploring innovation types and national context in Singapore. Research Policy, 53, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104915
Cinar, E., Trott, P., & Simms, C. (2021). An international exploration of barriers and tactics in the public sector innovation process. Public Management Review, 23(3), 326-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1668470
Criado, J. I. (2021). Inteligencia Artificial (y administración pública). EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, 20, 348-372.
Criado, J. I., Alcaide-Muñoz, L. & Liarte, I. (2025). Two decades of public sector innovation: Building an analytical framework from a systematic literature review of types, strategies, conditions, and results. Public Management Review, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2254310
Criado, J. I., Dias, T. F., Sano, H., Rojas-Martín, F., Silvan, A., & Filho, A. I. (2021). Public innovation and living labs in action: a comparative analysis in Post-New Public Management contexts. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(6), 451-464.
Cunningham, P. (2005). Innovation in the Health Sector – case study analysis. Publin Report No. D19. NIFU STEP.
Daglio, M., Gerson D., & Kitchen H. (2014). Building organisational capacity for public sector innovation. OECD Publishing.
De Vries, H. A., Bekkers, V. J. J. M. & Tummers, L. G. (2016). Innovation in the public sector: a systematic review and future research agenda. Public Administration, 94(1), 146-166.
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1558689812437186
Demircioglu, M. A. (2018). The effects of empowerment practices on perceived barriers to innovation: Evidence from public organizations. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(15), 1302-1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1387143
Demircioglu, M. A. (2024) Public sector innovation: Sources, benefits, and leadership. International Public Management Journal, 27 (2), 190-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2023.2276481
Demircioglu, M. A., & Audretsch, D. B. (2017). Conditions for innovation in public sector organizations. Research policy, 46(9), 1681-1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.08.004
Djellal, F., Gallouj, F., & Miles, I. (2013). Two decades of research on innovation in services: Which place for public services? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, 98-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2013.06.005
Eggers, W. D. & Singh, S. K. (2009). The Public Innovator’s Playbook: Nurturing Bold Ideas in Government. Printcrafters.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Fayyad, U., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., & Smyth, P. (1996). From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases. AI magazine, 17(3), 37-37. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v17i3.1230
Figenschou, T., Li-Ying, J., Tanner, A., & Bogers, M. (2024). Open innovation in the public sector: A literature review on actors and boundaries. Technovation, 131, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102940
Gault, F. (2016). Defining and measuring innovation in all sector of economy: Policy relevance. UNU-MERIT.
Greene, D. & David, J. L. (1984). A research design for generalizing from multiple case studies. Evaluation and Program Planning, 7(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(84)90027-2
Han, J., Pei, J. & Tong, H. (2023). Data mining: concepts and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann
Heichlinger, A., Thijs, N. & Bosse, J. (2014). Form strengthening administrative capacity building (ACB) to public sector innovation (PSI): Building blocks and successful ‘bridges’. European Institute for Public Administration.
Hijal-Moghrabi, I., Sabharwal, M. & Ramanathan, K. (2020). Innovation in public organizations: do government reforms matter? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 33(6/7), 731-749. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-04-2020-0106
Hjelmar, U. (2021). The institutionalization of public sector innovation. Public Management Review, 23(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1665702
Hughes, A., Moore, K., & Kataria, N. (2011). Innovation in public sector organizations: A pilot survey for measuring innovation across the public sector. NESTA.
Koch, P., & Hauknes, J. (2005). Innovation in the Public Sector. Publin Report No. D20. NIFU STEP.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. (4th.ed.). SAGE.
Laville, C., & Dionne, J. (1999). A construção do saber: manual de metodologia da pesquisa em ciências humanas. Artmed.
Lee, S. M., Hwang, T., & Choi, D. (2012). Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries. Management Decision, 50(1), 147-162.
Liarte, I., Criado, J. I., & Alcaide-Muñoz, L. (2025). Determinants of public sector innovation: a comparative study of spanish local governments. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2025.2451390
Liu, B., Hsu, W., & Ma, Y. (1998). Integrating classifications and association rule mining. In: International Conference of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD’98) (pp. 80–86). New York, USA.
Lykkebo, O. B., Munch-Andersen, M., Jakobsen, N., Jeppesen, L. K., & Sauer, P. (2021). Copenhagen manual: A guide on how and why your country can benefit from measuring public sector innovation. The Danish National Center for Public Sector Innovation.
Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures, and software solution. 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage publications.
Mulgan, G. (2014). Innovation in the public sector: How can public organisations better create, improve and adapt? NESTA.
Nam, T. (2019). Determinants of local public employee attitudes toward government innovation: Government 3.0 in Korea. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 32(4), 418-434. https:// doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2018-0134
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020). The public sector innovation lifecycle: A device to assist teams and organisations in developing a more sophisticated approach to public sector innovation. OECD Publishing
Osborne, S. P., & Brown, K. (2005). Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. Routledge.
Osborne, S. P., Powell, M., Cui, T., & Strokosch, K. (2022). Value creation in the public service ecosystem: An integrative framework. Public Administration Review, 82(4), 634-645.
Pradana, I. P. Y. B., Susanto, E., & Kumorotomo, W. (2022). Analyzing the critical factors for innovation sustainability in the public sector: Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(7), 733-748. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-02-2022-0044
Puttick, R., Baeck, P., & Colligan, P. (2014). The teams and funds making innovation happen in governmens around the world. NESTA & Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Rubalcaba, L., Strokosch, K., Hansen, A. V., Røhnebæk, M., & Liefooghe, C. (2022). Insights on value co-creation, living labs and innovation in the public sector. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12010042
Sørensen, E. (2016). Political innovations: Innovations in political institutions, processes and outputs. Public Management Review, 19, 1-19.
Sørensen, E. & Torfing, J. (2011). Enhacing collaborative innovation in the public sector. Administration & Society, 43(8), 842-868.
Thøgersen, D. (2022). Managing innovation on the public frontline: Three approaches to innovation leadership. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(2), 150- https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2021-0152
Tonurist, P., Kattel, R., & Lembr, V. (2015). Discovering innovations labs in the public sector. Working paper in Technology, Governance and Economic Dynamic (61). https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:tth:wpaper:61
Torfing, J. (2018). Collaborative innovation in the public sector: The argument. Public Management Review, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1430248
Valladares, P. S. D. A.,Vasconcelos, M. A. & Di Serio, L. C. (2014). Innovation Capability: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 18(5), 598-626. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac20141210
Voorberg, W. H., Bekkers, V. J. J. M., & Tummers, L. G. (2015) A systematic review of co-creation and co-production: Embarking on the social innovation journey. Public Management Review, 17(9), 1333-1357. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.930505
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the public sector—applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
Yabing, J. (2013). Research of an improved apriori algorithm in data mining association rules. International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(1), 25-27. www.ijcce.org/papers/128-B047.pdf
Zhang, C., & Zhang, S. (2003). Association rule mining: Models and algorithms (Vol. 2307). Springer.